What security measure ensures users cannot access more data than they need to perform their roles?

The "Need to Know" principle is a fundamental concept in information security that restricts access to data based on the necessity to perform a specific job or role. It ensures that users are only granted access to information that is relevant to their duties, thereby minimizing the potential for unauthorized access or data breaches. This principle is widely applied in various contexts, especially in environments where sensitive data is handled, such as government agencies and corporations.

When implementing "Need to Know," organizations effectively enforce data access controls and reduce the risk of exposure to sensitive information by limiting what users can see and interact with. By adhering to this principle, organizations can ensure that users have access only to the data that they absolutely need to fulfill their responsibilities, thereby enhancing data integrity and security.

In contrast, other options do not specifically focus on limiting access based on role requirement. Whitelisting involves allowing specific applications or IP addresses, which doesn't address the granularity of data access. Single Sign-On streamlines user authentication across multiple systems but does not inherently control what data users can access. Context-Aware Authentication takes into account user context when granting access but does not specifically limit access based on the necessity of data related to job functions.