What principle is emphasized in access control management?

The principle emphasized in access control management is the concept of "need to know" and "least privilege." This principle is crucial in protecting sensitive data and systems. The "need to know" aspect ensures that users are only granted access to the information necessary for them to perform their job functions, preventing unauthorized exposure to sensitive or confidential data.

The "least privilege" principle means that users are given the minimum level of access needed to perform their tasks, minimizing potential risks associated with excess permissions. By implementing these principles, organizations can reduce the likelihood of data breaches, limit exposure to sensitive information, and ensure that access is tightly controlled and monitored.

In contrast, other options like unlimited access for all users or open access based on user role could lead to security vulnerabilities, as they do not restrict access appropriately. Likewise, a "first come, first served" approach to access does not establish criteria for managing permissions based on user roles or data sensitivity, making it ineffective for ensuring data security.